'JUPITER | PJ67 Jet N5' | - Mission Juno (2024)

This is where we post raw images from JunoCam. We invite you todownload them, do your own image processing, and we encourage you to uploadyour creations for us to enjoy and share. The types of image processingwe’d love to see range from simply cropping an image to highlighting aparticular atmospheric feature, as well as adding your own color enhancements,creating collages and adding advanced color reconstruction.

One of the biggest challenges for Juno is Jupiter's intense radiation belts, which are expected to limit the lifetime of both Juno’s engineering and science subsystems. JunoCam is now showing the effects of that radiation on some of its parts. PJ56 images show a reduction in our dynamic range and an increase in background and noise. We invite citizen scientists to explore new ways to process these images to continue to bring out the beauty and mysteries of Jupiter and its moons.

For those of you who have contributed – thank you! Your labors of love have illustrated articlesabout Juno, Jupiter and JunoCam. Yourproducts show up in all sorts of places. We have used them to report to the scientific community. We are writing papers for scientific journalsand using your contributions – always with appropriate attribution ofcourse. Some creations are works of artand we are working out ways to showcase them as art.

The first perijove pass of Jupiter was a test run forJunoCam. The set of 28 images takenwere designed to find optimal viewing geometries and camera settings. For example, we took 4 images of the northpole. We used two different settings forthe time-delayed-integration (TDI), which determines the integration time, tosee which would be best for the polar region and a very high TDI level (longexposure) to try to detect Jupiter’s aurora. We imaged at two different geometries, looking directly down at the poleand looking at closest range at a more oblique angle, to see which would giveus the best results. We ran through asimilar set of tests for the south pole. Another comparison we made was to test different compressionsettings.

Wehave a methane filter, included for the polar science investigation, that isalmost at the limits of our detector’s wavelength range. To get enough photons for an image we need touse a very long exposure. In some imagesthis results in scattered light in the image.For science purposes we will simply crop out the portions of the imagethat include this artifact. Work is inprogress to determine exactly what conditions cause stray light problems sothat this can be minimized for future imaging.

The gallery displays images from JunoCam itself, as well as uploads from the community.

TheJunoCam imagesare identified by a small spacecraft icon. You will see both raw and processed versions of the images as they become available. The JunoCam movie posts have too many images to post individually, so we are making them available for download in batches as zip files.

You canfilterthe gallery by many different characteristics, including by Perijove Pass, Points of Interest and Mission Phase. If you have a favorite “artist” you can create your own gallery. Click on “Submitted by” on the left, select your favorite artist(s), and then click on “Filter”.

A special note about theEarth Flyby mission phaseimages: these were acquired in 2013 when Juno flew past Earth.Examples of processed images are shown; most contributions are from amateurs.

Like previous MSSS cameras (e.g., Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s Mars Color Imager) Junocam is a "pushframe" imager. The detector has multiple filter strips, each with a different bandpass, bonded directly to its photoactive surface. Each strip extends the entire width of the detector, but only a fraction of its height; Junocam's filter strips are 1600 pixels wide and about 155 rows high. The filter strips are scanned across the target by spacecraft rotation. At the nominal spin rate of 2 RPM, frames are acquired about every 400 milliseconds. Junocam has four filters: three visible (red/green/blue) and a narrowband "methane" filter centered at about 890 nm.

The spacecraft spin rate would cause more than a pixel's worth of image blurring for exposures longer than about 3.2 milliseconds. For the illumination conditions at Jupiter such short exposures would result in unacceptably low SNR, so the camera provides Time-Delayed-Integration (TDI). TDI vertically shifts the image one row each 3.2 milliseconds over the course of the exposure, cancelling the scene motion induced by rotation. Up to about 100 TDI steps can be used for the orbital timing case while still maintaining the needed frame rate for frame-to-frame overlap. For Earth Flyby the light levels are high enough that TDI is not needed except for the methane band and for nightside imaging.

Junocam pixels are 12 bits deep from the camera but are converted to 8 bits inside the instrument using a lossless "companding" table, a process similar to gamma correction, to reduce their size. All Junocam products on the missionjuno website are in this 8-bit form as received on Earth. Scientific users interested in radiometric analysis should use the "RDR" data products archived with the Planetary Data System, which have been converted back to a linear 12-bit scale.